CSEC Human and Social Biology · January 2009 · Paper 2

68 questions and parts from this paper. Open one to see it in full, then practise it on Quelpr and get it marked against the mark scheme.

1. 1(a)3 marksConstruct a food chain consisting of four organisms, where at least one organism is a dolphin or a shark.
2. 1(b)4 marksUsing knowledge of food chains, explain how a permanent ban on fishing whales, dolphins, and sharks would impact the ecosystem.
3. 1(c)(i)1 markDefine the term 'Carnivore'.
4. 1(c)(ii)1 markDefine the term 'Herbivore'.
5. 1(c)(iii)1 markDefine the term 'Omnivore'.
6. 2(a)(i)2 marksComplete the statement defining osmosis by filling in the blanks using words from the provided list: (solute, sugar molecules, water molecules, sugar solution).
7. 2(a)(ii)1 markProvide one example of osmosis taking place in the human body.
8. 2(b)(i)1 markState whether it is normal for a healthy person to have sugar in their urine.
9. 2(b)(ii)2 marksDescribe the process of ultrafiltration in the kidney tubules/nephron.
10. 2(b)(iii)1 markName the process by which glucose is selectively reabsorbed into the blood within the kidney tubules.
11. 2(b)(iv)1 markName one common disease Mr Douglas may suffer from based on the presence of sugar in his urine.
12. 2(b)(v)2 marksSuggest two measures a doctor might recommend to Mr Douglas to treat or manage this disease.
13. 3(a)(i)2 marksIdentify Structure I and Structure II shown in Figure 2.
14. 3(a)(ii)1 markState the name of the part labelled A in Structure I.
15. 3(b)(i)2 marksIdentify the structural feature of a synapse that necessitates the use of chemical neurotransmitters.
16. 3(b)(ii)2 marksExplain how neurotransmitters function at synapses to transmit an impulse.
17. 3(b)(iii)1 markExplain why people consuming this sweetener would experience difficulty responding to stimuli.
18. 3(b)(iv)2 marksDescribe the possible physiological effect if the sweetener triggers spontaneous release of neurotransmitters across synapses.
19. 4(a)3 marksComplete the sentences about transport in the circulatory system by choosing the correct terms from the list: (blood, glucose, fats, oxygen, lymphocytes, waste products).
20. 4(b)(i)2 marksIdentify a medical condition Mrs Eaton is likely to develop, and state one symptom of this condition.
21. 4(b)(ii)5 marksExplain how the clogged blood vessels affect the heart itself and consequently affect the rest of the body.
22. 5(a)(i)1 markName the structure labelled X in Figure 3.
23. 5(a)(ii)1 markName the structure labelled Y in Figure 3.
24. 5(b)1 markDefine the term 'vital capacity'.
25. 5(c)(i)5 marksExplain the biological processes of aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration that take place during the sprint.
26. 5(c)(ii)2 marksExplain why anaerobic respiration takes place after aerobic respiration during intense exertion in the athlete's body.
27. 6(a)(i)2 marksName one water-soluble vitamin and one fat-soluble vitamin.
28. 6(a)(ii)1 markIdentify the vitamin whose deficiency results in night blindness.
29. 6(b)(i)1 markIdentify the main end-product of carbohydrate digestion.
30. 6(b)(ii)2 marksState what happens within the body to the excess end-product of carbohydrate digestion.
31. 6(b)(iii)1 markSuggest one disease that may develop as a consequence of Mr Henry's sedentary lifestyle and excessive carbohydrate intake.
32. 6(c)3 marksExplain how prolonged deficiency of dietary calcium affects the human body.
33. 7(a)3 marksDefine the term 'homoeostasis' and provide one relevant example in the human body.
34. 7(b)(i)3 marksDescribe the trend shown in the graph of Figure 4 relating blood glucose concentration to time elapsed after breakfast.
35. 7(b)(ii)4 marksIdentify the hormone responsible for decreasing blood glucose levels shown in Figure 4, and explain its mechanism of action.
36. 8(a)3 marksComplete the statement by filling the blanks using words from the list: (ribosome, DNA, RNA, chromosome, cytoplasm, nucleus).
37. 8(b)5 marksComplete Table 2 by listing five correct differences distinguishing mitosis from meiosis.
38. 8(c)2 marksDeduce the genotypes of Mr and Mrs Browne and show the genetic cross working to determine the genotypes of their children.
39. 9(a)(i)2 marksDefine the biological term 'vector'.
40. 9(a)(ii)1 markName the specific vector responsible for transmitting dengue fever in the Caribbean.
41. 9(b)(i)1 markState the pathogen/causative organism that causes dengue fever.
42. 9(b)(ii)1 markState the specific clinical form of dengue fever characterized by bleeding manifestations.
43. 9(b)(iii)5 marksExplain how the dengue virus is transmitted from person to person by its vector.
44. 10(a)2 marksIdentify the two main constituents of sewage.
45. 10(b)5 marksExplain the biological and physical processes involved in transforming wastewater into clean, safe effluent.
46. 10(c)(i)1 markIdentify one source of sulphur dioxide responsible for reducing smog.
47. 10(c)(ii)2 marksDescribe one harmful effect of reducing smog and one harmful effect of photochemical smog on human health.
48. 11(a)5 marksState one function for each of the following structures in the human reproductive system: (i) Testis, (ii) Urethra, (iii) Oviduct, (iv) Ovary, (v) Vas deferens.
49. 11(b)8 marksDiscuss four advantages and four disadvantages of implementing population growth control policies in developing countries.
50. 11(c)(i)2.5 marksUsing knowledge of the menstrual cycle and fertilisation, explain why women are fertile during only a few specific days each cycle.
51. 11(c)(ii)2 marksExplain why women taking oral contraceptive pills normally do not become pregnant.
52. 11(c)(iii)2.5 marksExplain why very young females and postmenopausal females cannot normally conceive.
53. 12(a)(i)3 marksState two functions of bones and one function of cartilage in the human body.
54. 12(a)(ii)2 marksName the type of synovial joint present at (a) the shoulder and (b) the knee.
55. 12(b)3 marksPredict the functional consequences and symptoms resulting from the loss of articular cartilage in the knee.
56. 12(c)9 marksExplain, in terms of muscular contraction, tendons, and antagonistic bone action, why this biceps injury prevents bending of the elbow.
57. 12(d)3 marksExplain why a fracture to the shoulder bone would restrict or impair movement in the lower arm.
58. 13(a)1 markName the organism that causes leptospirosis.
59. 13(b)1 markIdentify the common animal vector of leptospirosis in the Caribbean.
60. 13(c)3 marksList three mild symptoms associated with leptospirosis.
61. 13(d)(i)10 marksSuggest how extensive flooding can cause an increase in the transmission and incidence of leptospirosis.
62. 13(d)(ii)1 markState the medical treatment prescribed to an individual diagnosed with leptospirosis.
63. 13(d)(iii)4 marksProvide four actionable measures that community members can adopt to lower the incidence of leptospirosis.
64. 14(a)5 marksExplain what is meant by each of the following solid waste management terms: Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Biodegradable, Non-biodegradable.
65. 14(b)(i)2 marksExplain the biological cause of the foul smells produced at open waste dumps.
66. 14(b)(ii)5 marksList five different types of waste materials commonly found in solid waste dumps.
67. 14(b)(iii)6 marksExplain how an open garbage dump can pose serious hazards to human health.
68. 14(b)(iv)2 marksExplain why a modern sanitary landfill is a safer disposal method than an open dump.