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3 marksThe Circulatory System of Mammals

CAPE Biology Unit 2 · May/June 2026 · Paper 2 · Question 2(a)(i)

The heart is the central organ of the mammalian circulatory system, pumping oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. It is crucial in delivering nutrients and removing waste. Figure 4 shows the external anatomy of the preserved heart of a sheep. The pointed end is known as the apex and the left and right sides of the heart are separated by a diagonal dotted line. The positions of three of the chambers of the heart are labelled X-Z.

Name EACH of the following chambers shown in Figure 4.

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  1. 2(a)(ii)In the space provided, draw a detailed drawing of the same size and proportion as the heart specimen shown in Figure 4 on page 10.[5 marks]
  2. 2(b)(i)Define the term 'transpiration'.[2 marks]
  3. 2(b)(ii)Using the data given in Figure 5, explain the effect of soil water availability on the transpiration rate of the plants investigated.[6 marks]
  4. 2(b)(iii)Explain how water moves from the soil to Cell 3 in terms of water potential.[3 marks]
  5. 2(c)(i)Outline ONE characteristic of the Casparian strip that allows it to control the movement of water and ions into the xylem of a plant.[2 marks]
  6. 2(c)(ii)With reference to the data given, explain how changes in suberin levels in the root endodermis allow plants to adapt to environmental stresses such as low…[9 marks]

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